| Internet-Draft | SLH-DSA for X.509 | November 2024 |
| Bashiri, et al. | Expires 26 May 2025 | [Page] |
Digital signatures are used within X.509 Public Key Infrastructure such as X.509 certificates, Certificate Revocation Lists (CRLs), and to sign messages. This document describes the conventions for using the Stateless Hash-Based Digital Signature Algorithm (SLH-DSA) in X.509 Public Key Infrastructure. The conventions for the associated signatures, subject public keys, and private keys are also described.¶
This note is to be removed before publishing as an RFC.¶
Status information for this document may be found at https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-ietf-lamps-x509-slhdsa/.¶
Discussion of this document takes place on the LAMPS Working Group mailing list (mailto:spasm@ietf.org), which is archived at https://mailarchive.ietf.org/arch/browse/spasm/. Subscribe at https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/spasm/.¶
Source for this draft and an issue tracker can be found at https://github.com/x509-hbs/draft-x509-slhdsa.¶
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The Stateless Hash-Based Digital Signature Algorithm (SLH-DSA) is a quantum-resistant digital signature scheme standardized in [FIPS205] by the US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) PQC project [NIST-PQC]. Prior to standardization, the algorithm was known as SPHINCS+. SLH-DSA and SPHINCS+ are not compatible. This document defines the ASN.1 Object Identifiers (OIDs) and conventions for the encoding of SLH-DSA digital signatures, public keys and private keys in the X.509 Public Key Infrastructure.¶
SLH-DSA offers three security levels. The parameters for each of the security levels were chosen to be at least as secure as a generic block cipher of 128, 192, or 256 bits. There are small (s) and fast (f) versions of the algorithm, and the option to use SHA-256 [FIPS180] or SHAKE256 [FIPS202] as internal hash functions. While the fast versions are optimized for key generation and signing speed, they are actually slower at verification than the SLH-DSA small parameter sets. For example, id-slh-dsa-shake-256s represents the 256-bit security level, the small version of the algorithm, and the use of SHAKE256.¶
Separate algorithm identifiers have been assigned for SLH-DSA at each of these security levels, fast vs small, and SHA-256 vs SHAKE256.¶
SLH-DSA signature operations include a context string as input. The context string has a maximum length of 255 bytes. By default, the context string is the empty string. This document only specifies the use of the empty context string for use in the X.509 Public Key Infrastructure.¶
SLH-DSA offers two signature modes: pure mode, where the entire content is signed directly, and pre-hash mode, where a digest of the content is signed. This document uses the term SLH-DSA to refer to the algorithm in general. When a pure or pre-hash mode needs to be differentiated, the terms Pure SLH-DSA and HashSLH-DSA are used. This document specifies the use of Pure SLH-DSA in Public Key Infrastructure X.509 (PKIX) certificates and Certificate Revocation Lists (CRLs) as well as the use of HashSLH-DSA public keys only in end-entity certificates.¶
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all capitals, as shown here.¶
The AlgorithmIdentifier type, is defined as follows:¶
AlgorithmIdentifier{ALGORITHM-TYPE, ALGORITHM-TYPE:AlgorithmSet} ::=
SEQUENCE {
algorithm ALGORITHM-TYPE.&id({AlgorithmSet}),
parameters ALGORITHM-TYPE.
&Params({AlgorithmSet}{@algorithm}) OPTIONAL
}
¶
The fields in AlgorithmIdentifier have the following meanings:¶
algorithm identifies the cryptographic algorithm with an object identifier.¶
parameters, which are optional, are the associated parameters for the algorithm identifier in the algorithm field.¶
The object identifiers for SLH-DSA are defined in the NIST Computer Security Objects Register [CSOR], and are reproduced here for convenience. The same OID is used to identify an SLH-DSA public key and its associated signature algorithm.¶
The Pure SLH-DSA OIDs are:¶
nistAlgorithms OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { joint-iso-itu-t(2)
country(16) us(840) organization(1) gov(101) csor(3) 4 }
sigAlgs OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { nistAlgorithms 3 }
id-slh-dsa-sha2-128s OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { sigAlgs 20 }
id-slh-dsa-sha2-128f OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { sigAlgs 21 }
id-slh-dsa-sha2-192s OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { sigAlgs 22 }
id-slh-dsa-sha2-192f OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { sigAlgs 23 }
id-slh-dsa-sha2-256s OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { sigAlgs 24 }
id-slh-dsa-sha2-256f OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { sigAlgs 25 }
id-slh-dsa-shake-128s OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { sigAlgs 26 }
id-slh-dsa-shake-128f OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { sigAlgs 27 }
id-slh-dsa-shake-192s OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { sigAlgs 28 }
id-slh-dsa-shake-192f OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { sigAlgs 29 }
id-slh-dsa-shake-256s OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { sigAlgs 30 }
id-slh-dsa-shake-256f OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { sigAlgs 31 }
¶
The HashSLH-DSA OIDs are:¶
nistAlgorithms OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { joint-iso-itu-t(2)
country(16) us(840) organization(1) gov(101) csor(3) 4 }
sigAlgs OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { nistAlgorithms 3 }
id-hash-slh-dsa-sha2-128s-with-sha256 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {
sigAlgs 35 }
id-hash-slh-dsa-sha2-128f-with-sha256 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {
sigAlgs 36 }
id-hash-slh-dsa-sha2-192s-with-sha512 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {
sigAlgs 37 }
id-hash-slh-dsa-sha2-192f-with-sha512 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {
sigAlgs 38 }
id-hash-slh-dsa-sha2-256s-with-sha512 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {
sigAlgs 39 }
id-hash-slh-dsa-sha2-256f-with-sha512 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {
sigAlgs 40 }
id-hash-slh-dsa-shake-128s-with-shake128 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {
sigAlgs 41 }
id-hash-slh-dsa-shake-128f-with-shake128 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {
sigAlgs 42 }
id-hash-slh-dsa-shake-192s-with-shake256 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {
sigAlgs 43 }
id-hash-slh-dsa-shake-192f-with-shake256 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {
sigAlgs 44 }
id-hash-slh-dsa-shake-256s-with-shake256 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {
sigAlgs 45 }
id-hash-slh-dsa-shake-256f-with-shake256 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {
sigAlgs 46 }
¶
The contents of the parameters component for each algorithm MUST be absent.¶
SLH-DSA is a digital signature scheme built upon hash functions. The security of SLH-DSA relies on the presumed difficulty of finding preimages for hash functions as well as several related properties of the same hash functions.¶
Signatures can be placed in a number of different ASN.1 structures. The top level structure for a certificate is given below as being illustrative of how signatures are frequently encoded with an algorithm identifier and a location for the signature.¶
Certificate ::= SIGNED{ TBSCertificate }
SIGNED{ToBeSigned} ::= SEQUENCE {
toBeSigned ToBeSigned,
algorithmIdentifier SEQUENCE {
algorithm SIGNATURE-ALGORITHM.
&id({SignatureAlgorithms}),
parameters SIGNATURE-ALGORITHM.
&Params({SignatureAlgorithms}
{@algorithmIdentifier.algorithm})
OPTIONAL
},
signature BIT STRING (CONTAINING SIGNATURE-ALGORITHM.&Value(
{SignatureAlgorithms}
{@algorithmIdentifier.algorithm}))
}
¶
The same algorithm identifiers are used for signatures as are used for public keys. When used to identify signature algorithms, the parameters MUST be absent.¶
The data to be signed is prepared for SLH-DSA. Then, a private key operation is performed to generate the raw signature value.¶
Section 9.2 of [FIPS205] defines an SLH-DSA signature as three elements, R, SIG_FORS and SIG_HT. The raw octet string encoding of an SLH-DSA public key is the concatenation of these three elements, i.e. R || SIG_FORS || SIG_HT. The raw octet string representing the signature is encoded directly in the BIT STRING without adding any additional ASN.1 wrapping. For example, in the Certificate structure, the raw signature value is encoded in the "signatureValue" BIT STRING field.¶
This document does not define the use of HashSLH-DSA to sign certificates or CRLs, but it does allow the use of HashSLH-DSA public keys in end-entity certificates for use by protocols that may need pre-hashing. Pre-hashing is performed using the hash algorithm or XOF specified after "with" in the object identifier string. For example, SHA-256 is used for pre-hashing with id-hash-slh-dsa-sha2-128s-with-sha256. When pre-hashing is performed using SHAKE128, the output length is 256 bits. When pre-hashing is performed using SHAKE256, the output length is 512 bits.¶
In the X.509 certificate, the subjectPublicKeyInfo field has the SubjectPublicKeyInfo type, which has the following ASN.1 syntax:¶
SubjectPublicKeyInfo {PUBLIC-KEY: IOSet} ::= SEQUENCE {
algorithm AlgorithmIdentifier {PUBLIC-KEY, {IOSet}},
subjectPublicKey BIT STRING }
¶
The fields in SubjectPublicKeyInfo have the following meanings:¶
algorithm is the algorithm identifier and parameters for the public key (see above).¶
subjectPublicKey contains the byte stream of the public key.¶
[I-D.ietf-lamps-cms-sphincs-plus] defines the following public key identifiers for Pure SLH-DSA:¶
pk-slh-dsa-sha2-128s PUBLIC-KEY ::= {
IDENTIFIER id-slh-dsa-sha2-128s
-- KEY no ASN.1 wrapping --
CERT-KEY-USAGE
{ digitalSignature, nonRepudiation, keyCertSign, cRLSign }
-- PRIVATE-KEY no ASN.1 wrapping -- }
pk-slh-dsa-sha2-128f PUBLIC-KEY ::= {
IDENTIFIER id-slh-dsa-sha2-128f
-- KEY no ASN.1 wrapping --
CERT-KEY-USAGE
{ digitalSignature, nonRepudiation, keyCertSign, cRLSign }
-- PRIVATE-KEY no ASN.1 wrapping -- }
pk-slh-dsa-sha2-192s PUBLIC-KEY ::= {
IDENTIFIER id-slh-dsa-sha2-192s
-- KEY no ASN.1 wrapping --
CERT-KEY-USAGE
{ digitalSignature, nonRepudiation, keyCertSign, cRLSign }
-- PRIVATE-KEY no ASN.1 wrapping -- }
pk-slh-dsa-sha2-192f PUBLIC-KEY ::= {
IDENTIFIER id-slh-dsa-sha2-192f
-- KEY no ASN.1 wrapping --
CERT-KEY-USAGE
{ digitalSignature, nonRepudiation, keyCertSign, cRLSign }
-- PRIVATE-KEY no ASN.1 wrapping -- }
pk-slh-dsa-sha2-256s PUBLIC-KEY ::= {
IDENTIFIER id-slh-dsa-sha2-256s
-- KEY no ASN.1 wrapping --
CERT-KEY-USAGE
{ digitalSignature, nonRepudiation, keyCertSign, cRLSign }
-- PRIVATE-KEY no ASN.1 wrapping -- }
pk-slh-dsa-sha2-256f PUBLIC-KEY ::= {
IDENTIFIER id-slh-dsa-sha2-256f
-- KEY no ASN.1 wrapping --
CERT-KEY-USAGE
{ digitalSignature, nonRepudiation, keyCertSign, cRLSign }
-- PRIVATE-KEY no ASN.1 wrapping -- }
pk-slh-dsa-shake-128s PUBLIC-KEY ::= {
IDENTIFIER id-slh-dsa-shake-128s
-- KEY no ASN.1 wrapping --
CERT-KEY-USAGE
{ digitalSignature, nonRepudiation, keyCertSign, cRLSign }
-- PRIVATE-KEY no ASN.1 wrapping -- }
pk-slh-dsa-shake-128f PUBLIC-KEY ::= {
IDENTIFIER id-slh-dsa-shake-128f
-- KEY no ASN.1 wrapping --
CERT-KEY-USAGE
{ digitalSignature, nonRepudiation, keyCertSign, cRLSign }
-- PRIVATE-KEY no ASN.1 wrapping -- }
pk-slh-dsa-shake-192s PUBLIC-KEY ::= {
IDENTIFIER id-slh-dsa-shake-192s
-- KEY no ASN.1 wrapping --
CERT-KEY-USAGE
{ digitalSignature, nonRepudiation, keyCertSign, cRLSign }
-- PRIVATE-KEY no ASN.1 wrapping -- }
pk-slh-dsa-shake-192f PUBLIC-KEY ::= {
IDENTIFIER id-slh-dsa-shake-192f
-- KEY no ASN.1 wrapping --
CERT-KEY-USAGE
{ digitalSignature, nonRepudiation, keyCertSign, cRLSign }
-- PRIVATE-KEY no ASN.1 wrapping -- }
pk-slh-dsa-shake-256s PUBLIC-KEY ::= {
IDENTIFIER id-slh-dsa-shake-256s
-- KEY no ASN.1 wrapping --
CERT-KEY-USAGE
{ digitalSignature, nonRepudiation, keyCertSign, cRLSign }
-- PRIVATE-KEY no ASN.1 wrapping -- }
pk-slh-dsa-shake-256f PUBLIC-KEY ::= {
IDENTIFIER id-slh-dsa-shake-256f
-- KEY no ASN.1 wrapping --
CERT-KEY-USAGE
{ digitalSignature, nonRepudiation, keyCertSign, cRLSign }
-- PRIVATE-KEY no ASN.1 wrapping -- }
SLH-DSA-PublicKey ::= OCTET STRING
SLH-DSA-PrivateKey ::= OCTET STRING
¶
The public key identifiers for HashSLH-DSA are defined here:¶
pk-hash-slh-dsa-sha2-128s-with-sha256 PUBLIC-KEY ::= {
IDENTIFIER id-hash-slh-dsa-sha2-128s-with-sha256
-- KEY no ASN.1 wrapping --
CERT-KEY-USAGE
{ digitalSignature, nonRepudiation }
-- PRIVATE-KEY no ASN.1 wrapping -- }
pk-hash-slh-dsa-sha2-128f-with-sha256 PUBLIC-KEY ::= {
IDENTIFIER id-hash-slh-dsa-sha2-128f-with-sha256
-- KEY no ASN.1 wrapping --
CERT-KEY-USAGE
{ digitalSignature, nonRepudiation }
-- PRIVATE-KEY no ASN.1 wrapping -- }
pk-hash-slh-dsa-sha2-192s-with-sha512 PUBLIC-KEY ::= {
IDENTIFIER id-hash-slh-dsa-sha2-192s-with-sha512
-- KEY no ASN.1 wrapping --
CERT-KEY-USAGE
{ digitalSignature, nonRepudiation }
-- PRIVATE-KEY no ASN.1 wrapping -- }
pk-hash-slh-dsa-sha2-192f-with-sha512 PUBLIC-KEY ::= {
IDENTIFIER id-hash-slh-dsa-sha2-192f-with-sha512
-- KEY no ASN.1 wrapping --
CERT-KEY-USAGE
{ digitalSignature, nonRepudiation }
-- PRIVATE-KEY no ASN.1 wrapping -- }
pk-hash-slh-dsa-sha2-256s-with-sha512 PUBLIC-KEY ::= {
IDENTIFIER id-hash-slh-dsa-sha2-256s-with-sha512
-- KEY no ASN.1 wrapping --
CERT-KEY-USAGE
{ digitalSignature, nonRepudiation }
-- PRIVATE-KEY no ASN.1 wrapping -- }
pk-hash-slh-dsa-sha2-256f-with-sha512 PUBLIC-KEY ::= {
IDENTIFIER id-hash-slh-dsa-sha2-256f-with-sha512
-- KEY no ASN.1 wrapping --
CERT-KEY-USAGE
{ digitalSignature, nonRepudiation }
-- PRIVATE-KEY no ASN.1 wrapping -- }
pk-hash-slh-dsa-shake-128s-with-shake128 PUBLIC-KEY ::= {
IDENTIFIER id-hash-slh-dsa-shake-128s-with-shake128
-- KEY no ASN.1 wrapping --
CERT-KEY-USAGE
{ digitalSignature, nonRepudiation }
-- PRIVATE-KEY no ASN.1 wrapping -- }
pk-hash-slh-dsa-shake-128f-with-shake128 PUBLIC-KEY ::= {
IDENTIFIER id-hash-slh-dsa-shake-128f-with-shake128
-- KEY no ASN.1 wrapping --
CERT-KEY-USAGE
{ digitalSignature, nonRepudiation }
-- PRIVATE-KEY no ASN.1 wrapping -- }
pk-hash-slh-dsa-shake-192s-with-shake256 PUBLIC-KEY ::= {
IDENTIFIER id-hash-slh-dsa-shake-192s-with-shake256
-- KEY no ASN.1 wrapping --
CERT-KEY-USAGE
{ digitalSignature, nonRepudiation }
-- PRIVATE-KEY no ASN.1 wrapping -- }
pk-hash-slh-dsa-shake-192f-with-shake256 PUBLIC-KEY ::= {
IDENTIFIER id-hash-slh-dsa-shake-192f-with-shake256
-- KEY no ASN.1 wrapping --
CERT-KEY-USAGE
{ digitalSignature, nonRepudiation }
-- PRIVATE-KEY no ASN.1 wrapping -- }
pk-hash-slh-dsa-shake-256s-with-shake256 PUBLIC-KEY ::= {
IDENTIFIER id-hash-slh-dsa-shake-256s-with-shake256
-- KEY no ASN.1 wrapping --
CERT-KEY-USAGE
{ digitalSignature, nonRepudiation }
-- PRIVATE-KEY no ASN.1 wrapping -- }
pk-hash-slh-dsa-shake-256f-with-shake256 PUBLIC-KEY ::= {
IDENTIFIER id-hash-slh-dsa-shake-256f-with-shake256
-- KEY no ASN.1 wrapping --
CERT-KEY-USAGE
{ digitalSignature, nonRepudiation }
-- PRIVATE-KEY no ASN.1 wrapping -- }
¶
Section 9.1 of [FIPS205] defines an SLH-DSA public key as two n-byte elements, PK.seed and PK.root. The raw octet string encoding of an SLH-DSA public key is the concatenation of these two elements, i.e. PK.seed || PK.root. The octet string length is 2*n bytes, where n is 16, 24, or 32, depending on the SLH-DSA parameter set. When used in a SubjectPublicKeyInfo type, the subjectPublicKey BIT STRING contains the raw octet string encoding of the public key.¶
[I-D.ietf-lamps-cms-sphincs-plus] defines the SLH-DSA-PublicKey and SLH-DSA-PrivateKey ASN.1 OCTET STRING types to provide an option for encoding a Pure SLH-DSA public or private key in an environment that uses ASN.1 encoding but doesn't define its own mapping of an SLH-DSA raw octet string to ASN.1. HashSLH-DSA public and private keys can use SLH-DSA-PublicKey and SLH-DSA-PrivateKey in the same way. To map an SLH-DSA-PublicKey OCTET STRING to a SubjectPublicKeyInfo, the OCTET STRING is mapped to the subjectPublicKey field (a value of type BIT STRING) as follows: the most significant bit of the OCTET STRING value becomes the most significant bit of the BIT STRING value, and so on; the least significant bit of the OCTET STRING becomes the least significant bit of the BIT STRING.¶
The AlgorithmIdentifier for an SLH-DSA public key MUST use one of the id-slh-dsa-* or id-hash-slh-dsa-* object identifiers from Section 3. The parameters field of the AlgorithmIdentifier for the SLH-DSA public key MUST be absent.¶
Appendix C.1 contains an example of an id-slh-dsa-sha2-128s public key encoded using the textual encoding defined in [RFC7468].¶
The intended application for the key is indicated in the keyUsage certificate extension; see Section 4.2.1.3 of [RFC5280]. If the keyUsage extension is present in a certificate that indicates an id-slh-dsa-* (Pure SLH-DSA) identifier in the SubjectPublicKeyInfo, then at least one of the following MUST be present:¶
digitalSignature; or
nonRepudiation; or
keyCertSign; or
cRLSign.
¶
If the keyUsage extension is present in a certificate that indicates an id-slh-dsa-* (Pure SLH-DSA) identifier in the SubjectPublicKeyInfo, then the following MUST NOT be present:¶
keyEncipherment; or
dataEncipherment; or
keyAgreement; or
encipherOnly; or
decipherOnly.
¶
If the keyUsage extension is present in a certificate that indicates an id-hash-slh-dsa-* (HashSLH-DSA) identifier in the SubjectPublicKeyInfo, then at least one of the following MUST be present:¶
digitalSignature; or
nonRepudiation.
¶
If the keyUsage extension is present in a certificate that indicates an id-hash-slh-dsa-* (HashSLH-DSA) identifier in the SubjectPublicKeyInfo, then the following MUST NOT be present:¶
keyCertSign; or
cRLSign; or
keyEncipherment; or
dataEncipherment; or
keyAgreement; or
encipherOnly; or
decipherOnly.
¶
Requirements about the keyUsage extension bits defined in [RFC5280] still apply.¶
"Asymmetric Key Packages" [RFC5958] describes how to encode a private key in a structure that both identifies what algorithm the private key is for and optionally allows for the public key and additional attributes about the key to be included as well. For illustration, the ASN.1 structure OneAsymmetricKey is replicated below.¶
OneAsymmetricKey ::= SEQUENCE {
version Version,
privateKeyAlgorithm PrivateKeyAlgorithmIdentifier,
privateKey PrivateKey,
attributes [0] IMPLICIT Attributes OPTIONAL,
...,
[[2: publicKey [1] IMPLICIT PublicKey OPTIONAL ]],
...
}
PrivateKey ::= OCTET STRING
PublicKey ::= BIT STRING
¶
Section 9.1 of [FIPS205] defines an SLH-DSA private key as four n-byte elements, SK.seed, SK.prf, PK.seed and PK.root. The raw octet string encoding of an SLH-DSA private key is the concatenation of these four elements, i.e. SK.seed || SK.prf || PK.seed || PK.root. The octet string length is 4*n bytes, where n is 16, 24, or 32, depending on the SLH-DSA parameter set. When used in a OneAsymmetricKey type, the privateKey OCTET STRING contains the raw octet string encoding of the private key.¶
When an SLH-DSA public key is included in a OneAsymmetricKey type, it is encoded in the same manner as in a SubjectPublicKeyInfo type. That is, the publicKey BIT STRING contains the raw octet string encoding of the public key.¶
Appendix C.2 contains an example of an id-slh-dsa-sha2-128s private key encoded using the textual encoding defined in [RFC7468].¶
NOTE: There exist some private key import functions that have not picked up the new ASN.1 structure OneAsymmetricKey that is defined in [RFC5958]. This means that they will not accept a private key structure that contains the public key field. This means a balancing act needs to be done between being able to do a consistency check on the key pair and widest ability to import the key.¶
The security considerations of [RFC5280] apply accordingly.¶
Implementations MUST protect the private keys. Compromise of the private keys may result in the ability to forge signatures.¶
When generating an SLH-DSA key pair, an implementation MUST generate each key pair independently of all other key pairs in the SLH-DSA hypertree.¶
An SLH-DSA tree MUST NOT be used for more than 2^64 signing operations.¶
The generation of private keys relies on random numbers. The use of inadequate pseudo-random number generators (PRNGs) to generate these values can result in little or no security. An attacker may find it much easier to reproduce the PRNG environment that produced the keys, searching the resulting small set of possibilities, rather than brute force searching the whole key space. The generation of quality random numbers is difficult, and [RFC4086] offers important guidance in this area.¶
Implementers SHOULD consider their particular use cases and may choose to implement OPTIONAL fault attack countermeasures [CMP2018],[Ge2023]. Verifying a signature before releasing the signature value is a typical fault attack countermeasure; however, this countermeasure is not effective for SLH-DSA [Ge2023]. Redundancy by replicating the signature generation process can be used as an effective fault attack countermeasure for SLH-DSA [Ge2023]; however, the SLH-DSA signature generation is already considered slow.¶
Likewise, Implementers SHOULD consider their particular use cases and may choose to implement protections against passive power and emissions side-channel attacks [SLotH].¶
For the ASN.1 Module in the Appendix of this document, IANA is requested to assign an object identifier (OID) for the module identifier (TBD1) with a Description of "id-mod-x509-slh-dsa-2024". The OID for the module should be allocated in the "SMI Security for PKIX Module Identifier" registry (1.3.6.1.5.5.7.0).¶
This appendix includes the ASN.1 module [X680] for SLH-DSA. Note that as per [RFC5280], certificates use the Distinguished Encoding Rules; see [X690]. This module imports objects from [RFC5912] and [I-D.ietf-lamps-cms-sphincs-plus].¶
<CODE BEGINS>
X509-SLH-DSA-Module-2024
{ iso(1) identified-organization(3) dod(6) internet(1) security(5)
mechanisms(5) pkix(7) id-mod(0) id-mod-x509-slh-dsa-2024(TBD1) }
DEFINITIONS IMPLICIT TAGS ::= BEGIN
EXPORTS ALL;
IMPORTS
PUBLIC-KEY, SIGNATURE-ALGORITHM
FROM AlgorithmInformation-2009 -- in [RFC5912]
{ iso(1) identified-organization(3) dod(6) internet(1)
security(5) mechanisms(5) pkix(7) id-mod(0)
id-mod-algorithmInformation-02(58) }
pk-slh-dsa-sha2-128s, pk-slh-dsa-sha2-128f,
pk-slh-dsa-sha2-192s, pk-slh-dsa-sha2-192f,
pk-slh-dsa-sha2-256s, pk-slh-dsa-sha2-256f,
pk-slh-dsa-shake-128s, pk-slh-dsa-shake-128f,
pk-slh-dsa-shake-192s, pk-slh-dsa-shake-192f,
pk-slh-dsa-shake-256s, pk-slh-dsa-shake-256f,
sa-slh-dsa-sha2-128s, sa-slh-dsa-sha2-128f,
sa-slh-dsa-sha2-192s, sa-slh-dsa-sha2-192f,
sa-slh-dsa-sha2-256s, sa-slh-dsa-sha2-256f,
sa-slh-dsa-shake-128s, sa-slh-dsa-shake-128f,
sa-slh-dsa-shake-192s, sa-slh-dsa-shake-192f,
sa-slh-dsa-shake-256s, sa-slh-dsa-shake-256f
FROM SLH-DSA-Module-2024 -- in [I-D.ietf-lamps-cms-sphincs-plus]
{ iso(1) member-body(2) us(840) rsadsi(113549) pkcs(1) pkcs9(9)
id-smime(16) id-mod(0) id-mod-slh-dsa-2024(TBD2) } ;
--
-- HashSLH-DSA object identifiers from [CSOR]
--
nistAlgorithms OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { joint-iso-itu-t(2)
country(16) us(840) organization(1) gov(101) csor(3) 4 }
sigAlgs OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { nistAlgorithms 3 }
id-hash-slh-dsa-sha2-128s-with-sha256 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {
sigAlgs 35 }
id-hash-slh-dsa-sha2-128f-with-sha256 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {
sigAlgs 36 }
id-hash-slh-dsa-sha2-192s-with-sha512 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {
sigAlgs 37 }
id-hash-slh-dsa-sha2-192f-with-sha512 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {
sigAlgs 38 }
id-hash-slh-dsa-sha2-256s-with-sha512 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {
sigAlgs 39 }
id-hash-slh-dsa-sha2-256f-with-sha512 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {
sigAlgs 40 }
id-hash-slh-dsa-shake-128s-with-shake128 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {
sigAlgs 41 }
id-hash-slh-dsa-shake-128f-with-shake128 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {
sigAlgs 42 }
id-hash-slh-dsa-shake-192s-with-shake256 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {
sigAlgs 43 }
id-hash-slh-dsa-shake-192f-with-shake256 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {
sigAlgs 44 }
id-hash-slh-dsa-shake-256s-with-shake256 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {
sigAlgs 45 }
id-hash-slh-dsa-shake-256f-with-shake256 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {
sigAlgs 46 }
--
-- HashSLH-DSA public key identifiers
--
pk-hash-slh-dsa-sha2-128s-with-sha256 PUBLIC-KEY ::= {
IDENTIFIER id-hash-slh-dsa-sha2-128s-with-sha256
-- KEY no ASN.1 wrapping --
CERT-KEY-USAGE
{ digitalSignature, nonRepudiation }
-- PRIVATE-KEY no ASN.1 wrapping -- }
pk-hash-slh-dsa-sha2-128f-with-sha256 PUBLIC-KEY ::= {
IDENTIFIER id-hash-slh-dsa-sha2-128f-with-sha256
-- KEY no ASN.1 wrapping --
CERT-KEY-USAGE
{ digitalSignature, nonRepudiation }
-- PRIVATE-KEY no ASN.1 wrapping -- }
pk-hash-slh-dsa-sha2-192s-with-sha512 PUBLIC-KEY ::= {
IDENTIFIER id-hash-slh-dsa-sha2-192s-with-sha512
-- KEY no ASN.1 wrapping --
CERT-KEY-USAGE
{ digitalSignature, nonRepudiation }
-- PRIVATE-KEY no ASN.1 wrapping -- }
pk-hash-slh-dsa-sha2-192f-with-sha512 PUBLIC-KEY ::= {
IDENTIFIER id-hash-slh-dsa-sha2-192f-with-sha512
-- KEY no ASN.1 wrapping --
CERT-KEY-USAGE
{ digitalSignature, nonRepudiation }
-- PRIVATE-KEY no ASN.1 wrapping -- }
pk-hash-slh-dsa-sha2-256s-with-sha512 PUBLIC-KEY ::= {
IDENTIFIER id-hash-slh-dsa-sha2-256s-with-sha512
-- KEY no ASN.1 wrapping --
CERT-KEY-USAGE
{ digitalSignature, nonRepudiation }
-- PRIVATE-KEY no ASN.1 wrapping -- }
pk-hash-slh-dsa-sha2-256f-with-sha512 PUBLIC-KEY ::= {
IDENTIFIER id-hash-slh-dsa-sha2-256f-with-sha512
-- KEY no ASN.1 wrapping --
CERT-KEY-USAGE
{ digitalSignature, nonRepudiation }
-- PRIVATE-KEY no ASN.1 wrapping -- }
pk-hash-slh-dsa-shake-128s-with-shake128 PUBLIC-KEY ::= {
IDENTIFIER id-hash-slh-dsa-shake-128s-with-shake128
-- KEY no ASN.1 wrapping --
CERT-KEY-USAGE
{ digitalSignature, nonRepudiation }
-- PRIVATE-KEY no ASN.1 wrapping -- }
pk-hash-slh-dsa-shake-128f-with-shake128 PUBLIC-KEY ::= {
IDENTIFIER id-hash-slh-dsa-shake-128f-with-shake128
-- KEY no ASN.1 wrapping --
CERT-KEY-USAGE
{ digitalSignature, nonRepudiation }
-- PRIVATE-KEY no ASN.1 wrapping -- }
pk-hash-slh-dsa-shake-192s-with-shake256 PUBLIC-KEY ::= {
IDENTIFIER id-hash-slh-dsa-shake-192s-with-shake256
-- KEY no ASN.1 wrapping --
CERT-KEY-USAGE
{ digitalSignature, nonRepudiation }
-- PRIVATE-KEY no ASN.1 wrapping -- }
pk-hash-slh-dsa-shake-192f-with-shake256 PUBLIC-KEY ::= {
IDENTIFIER id-hash-slh-dsa-shake-192f-with-shake256
-- KEY no ASN.1 wrapping --
CERT-KEY-USAGE
{ digitalSignature, nonRepudiation }
-- PRIVATE-KEY no ASN.1 wrapping -- }
pk-hash-slh-dsa-shake-256s-with-shake256 PUBLIC-KEY ::= {
IDENTIFIER id-hash-slh-dsa-shake-256s-with-shake256
-- KEY no ASN.1 wrapping --
CERT-KEY-USAGE
{ digitalSignature, nonRepudiation }
-- PRIVATE-KEY no ASN.1 wrapping -- }
pk-hash-slh-dsa-shake-256f-with-shake256 PUBLIC-KEY ::= {
IDENTIFIER id-hash-slh-dsa-shake-256f-with-shake256
-- KEY no ASN.1 wrapping --
CERT-KEY-USAGE
{ digitalSignature, nonRepudiation }
-- PRIVATE-KEY no ASN.1 wrapping -- }
--
-- HashSLH-DSA signature algorithm identifiers
--
-- EDNOTE: we did not include the optional SMIME-CAPS because
-- HashSLH-DSA is not defined for use in CMS. Is this correct
-- or should we still include SMIME-CAPS?
sa-hash-slh-dsa-sha2-128s-with-sha256 SIGNATURE-ALGORITHM ::= {
IDENTIFIER id-hash-slh-dsa-sha2-128s-with-sha256
PARAMS ARE absent
PUBLIC-KEYS { pk-hash-slh-dsa-sha2-128s-with-sha256 } }
sa-hash-slh-dsa-sha2-128f-with-sha256 SIGNATURE-ALGORITHM ::= {
IDENTIFIER id-hash-slh-dsa-sha2-128f-with-sha256
PARAMS ARE absent
PUBLIC-KEYS { pk-hash-slh-dsa-sha2-128f-with-sha256 } }
sa-hash-slh-dsa-sha2-192s-with-sha512 SIGNATURE-ALGORITHM ::= {
IDENTIFIER id-hash-slh-dsa-sha2-192s-with-sha512
PARAMS ARE absent
PUBLIC-KEYS { pk-hash-slh-dsa-sha2-192s-with-sha512 } }
sa-hash-slh-dsa-sha2-192f-with-sha512 SIGNATURE-ALGORITHM ::= {
IDENTIFIER id-hash-slh-dsa-sha2-192f-with-sha512
PARAMS ARE absent
PUBLIC-KEYS { pk-hash-slh-dsa-sha2-192f-with-sha512 } }
sa-hash-slh-dsa-sha2-256s-with-sha512 SIGNATURE-ALGORITHM ::= {
IDENTIFIER id-hash-slh-dsa-sha2-256s-with-sha512
PARAMS ARE absent
PUBLIC-KEYS { pk-hash-slh-dsa-sha2-256s-with-sha512 } }
sa-hash-slh-dsa-sha2-256f-with-sha512 SIGNATURE-ALGORITHM ::= {
IDENTIFIER id-hash-slh-dsa-sha2-256f-with-sha512
PARAMS ARE absent
PUBLIC-KEYS { pk-hash-slh-dsa-sha2-256f-with-sha512 } }
sa-hash-slh-dsa-shake-128s-with-shake128 SIGNATURE-ALGORITHM ::= {
IDENTIFIER id-hash-slh-dsa-shake-128s-with-shake128
PARAMS ARE absent
PUBLIC-KEYS { pk-hash-slh-dsa-shake-128s-with-shake128 } }
sa-hash-slh-dsa-shake-128f-with-shake128 SIGNATURE-ALGORITHM ::= {
IDENTIFIER id-hash-slh-dsa-shake-128f-with-shake128
PARAMS ARE absent
PUBLIC-KEYS { pk-hash-slh-dsa-shake-128f-with-shake128 } }
sa-hash-slh-dsa-shake-192s-with-shake256 SIGNATURE-ALGORITHM ::= {
IDENTIFIER id-hash-slh-dsa-shake-192s-with-shake256
PARAMS ARE absent
PUBLIC-KEYS { pk-hash-slh-dsa-shake-192s-with-shake256 } }
sa-hash-slh-dsa-shake-192f-with-shake256 SIGNATURE-ALGORITHM ::= {
IDENTIFIER id-hash-slh-dsa-shake-192f-with-shake256
PARAMS ARE absent
PUBLIC-KEYS { pk-hash-slh-dsa-shake-192f-with-shake256 } }
sa-hash-slh-dsa-shake-256s-with-shake256 SIGNATURE-ALGORITHM ::= {
IDENTIFIER id-hash-slh-dsa-shake-256s-with-shake256
PARAMS ARE absent
PUBLIC-KEYS { pk-hash-slh-dsa-shake-256s-with-shake256 } }
sa-hash-slh-dsa-shake-256f-with-shake256 SIGNATURE-ALGORITHM ::= {
IDENTIFIER id-hash-slh-dsa-shake-256f-with-shake256
PARAMS ARE absent
PUBLIC-KEYS { pk-hash-slh-dsa-shake-256f-with-shake256 } }
--
-- Expand SignatureAlgorithms from RFC 5912
--
SignatureAlgorithms SIGNATURE-ALGORITHM ::= {
sa-slh-dsa-sha2-128s |
sa-slh-dsa-sha2-128f |
sa-slh-dsa-sha2-192s |
sa-slh-dsa-sha2-192f |
sa-slh-dsa-sha2-256s |
sa-slh-dsa-sha2-256f |
sa-slh-dsa-shake-128s |
sa-slh-dsa-shake-128f |
sa-slh-dsa-shake-192s |
sa-slh-dsa-shake-192f |
sa-slh-dsa-shake-256s |
sa-slh-dsa-shake-256f |
sa-hash-slh-dsa-sha2-128s-with-sha256 |
sa-hash-slh-dsa-sha2-128f-with-sha256 |
sa-hash-slh-dsa-sha2-192s-with-sha512 |
sa-hash-slh-dsa-sha2-192f-with-sha512 |
sa-hash-slh-dsa-sha2-256s-with-sha512 |
sa-hash-slh-dsa-sha2-256f-with-sha512 |
sa-hash-slh-dsa-shake-128s-with-shake128 |
sa-hash-slh-dsa-shake-128f-with-shake128 |
sa-hash-slh-dsa-shake-192s-with-shake256 |
sa-hash-slh-dsa-shake-192f-with-shake256 |
sa-hash-slh-dsa-shake-256s-with-shake256 |
sa-hash-slh-dsa-shake-256f-with-shake256,
... }
--
-- Expand PublicKeyAlgorithms from RFC 5912
--
PublicKeyAlgorithms PUBLIC-KEY ::= {
pk-slh-dsa-sha2-128s |
pk-slh-dsa-sha2-128f |
pk-slh-dsa-sha2-192s |
pk-slh-dsa-sha2-192f |
pk-slh-dsa-sha2-256s |
pk-slh-dsa-sha2-256f |
pk-slh-dsa-shake-128s |
pk-slh-dsa-shake-128f |
pk-slh-dsa-shake-192s |
pk-slh-dsa-shake-192f |
pk-slh-dsa-shake-256s |
pk-slh-dsa-shake-256f |
pk-hash-slh-dsa-sha2-128s-with-sha256 |
pk-hash-slh-dsa-sha2-128f-with-sha256 |
pk-hash-slh-dsa-sha2-192s-with-sha512 |
pk-hash-slh-dsa-sha2-192f-with-sha512 |
pk-hash-slh-dsa-sha2-256s-with-sha512 |
pk-hash-slh-dsa-sha2-256f-with-sha512 |
pk-hash-slh-dsa-shake-128s-with-shake128 |
pk-hash-slh-dsa-shake-128f-with-shake128 |
pk-hash-slh-dsa-shake-192s-with-shake256 |
pk-hash-slh-dsa-shake-192f-with-shake256 |
pk-hash-slh-dsa-shake-256s-with-shake256 |
pk-hash-slh-dsa-shake-256f-with-shake256,
... }
END
<CODE ENDS>
¶
Instead of defining the strength of a quantum algorithm in a traditional manner using precise estimates of the number of bits of security, NIST defined a collection of broad security strength categories. Each category is defined by a comparatively easy-to-analyze reference primitive that cover a range of security strengths offered by existing NIST standards in symmetric cryptography, which NIST expects to offer significant resistance to quantum cryptanalysis. These categories describe any attack that breaks the relevant security definition that must require computational resources comparable to or greater than those required for: Level 1 - key search on a block cipher with a 128-bit key (e.g., AES128), Level 2 - collision search on a 256-bit hash function (e.g., SHA256/ SHA3-256), Level 3 - key search on a block cipher with a 192-bit key (e.g., AES192), Level 4 - collision search on a 384-bit hash function (e.g. SHA384/SHA3-384), Level 5 - key search on a block cipher with a 256-bit key (e.g., AES 256).¶
The SLH-DSA parameter sets defined for NIST security levels 1, 3 and 5 are listed in Table 1, along with the resulting signature size, public key, and private key sizes in bytes. The HashSLH-DSA parameter sets have the same values as the Pure SLH-DSA equivalents.¶
| OID | NIST Level | Sig. | Pub. Key | Priv. Key |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| id-slh-dsa-sha2-128s | 1 | 7856 | 32 | 64 |
| id-slh-dsa-sha2-128f | 1 | 17088 | 32 | 64 |
| id-slh-dsa-sha2-192s | 3 | 16224 | 48 | 96 |
| id-slh-dsa-sha2-192f | 3 | 35664 | 48 | 96 |
| id-slh-dsa-sha2-256s | 5 | 29792 | 64 | 128 |
| id-slh-dsa-sha2-256f | 5 | 49856 | 64 | 128 |
| id-slh-dsa-shake-128s | 1 | 7856 | 32 | 64 |
| id-slh-dsa-shake-128f | 1 | 17088 | 32 | 64 |
| id-slh-dsa-shake-192s | 3 | 16224 | 48 | 96 |
| id-slh-dsa-shake-192f | 3 | 35664 | 48 | 96 |
| id-slh-dsa-shake-256s | 5 | 29792 | 64 | 128 |
| id-slh-dsa-shake-256f | 5 | 49856 | 64 | 128 |
This appendix contains examples of SLH-DSA public keys, private keys and certificates.¶
An example of a SLH-DSA public key using id-slh-dsa-sha2-128s:¶
-----BEGIN PUBLIC KEY----- MDAwCwYJYIZIAWUDBAMUAyEAK4EJ7Hd8qk4fAkzPz5SX2ZGAUJKA9CVq8rB6+AKJ tJQ= -----END PUBLIC KEY-----¶
0 48: SEQUENCE {
2 11: SEQUENCE {
4 9: OBJECT IDENTIFIER '2 16 840 1 101 3 4 3 20'
: }
15 33: BIT STRING
: 2B 81 09 EC 77 7C AA 4E 1F 02 4C CF CF 94 97 D9
: 91 80 50 92 80 F4 25 6A F2 B0 7A F8 02 89 B4 94
: }
¶
An example of a SLH-DSA private key without the public key using id-slh-dsa-sha2-128s:¶
-----BEGIN PRIVATE KEY----- MFICAQAwCwYJYIZIAWUDBAMUBECiJjvKRYYINlIxYASVI9YhZ3+tkNUetgZ6Mn4N HmSlASuBCex3fKpOHwJMz8+Ul9mRgFCSgPQlavKwevgCibSU -----END PRIVATE KEY-----¶
0 82: SEQUENCE {
2 1: INTEGER 0
5 11: SEQUENCE {
7 9: OBJECT IDENTIFIER '2 16 840 1 101 3 4 3 20'
: }
18 64: OCTET STRING
: A2 26 3B CA 45 86 08 36 52 31 60 04 95 23 D6 21
: 67 7F AD 90 D5 1E B6 06 7A 32 7E 0D 1E 64 A5 01
: 2B 81 09 EC 77 7C AA 4E 1F 02 4C CF CF 94 97 D9
: 91 80 50 92 80 F4 25 6A F2 B0 7A F8 02 89 B4 94
: }
¶
An example of a self-signed SLH-DSA certificate using id-slh-dsa-sha2-128s:¶
Certificate:
Data:
Version: 3 (0x2)
Serial Number:
43:85:63:a2:69:01:99:2c:39:cf:bc:40:57:1b:5f:a3:
cc:c7:88:45
Signature Algorithm: slhdsa_sha2_128s
Issuer: C=FR, L=Paris, O=Bogus SLH-DSA-SHA2-128s CA
Validity
Not Before: Oct 16 13:42:12 2024 GMT
Not After : Oct 14 13:42:12 2034 GMT
Subject: C=FR, L=Paris, O=Bogus SLH-DSA-SHA2-128s CA
Subject Public Key Info:
Public Key Algorithm: slhdsa_sha2_128s
slhdsa_sha2_128s public key:
PQ key material:
2b:81:09:ec:77:7c:aa:4e:1f:02:4c:cf:cf:94:97:
d9:91:80:50:92:80:f4:25:6a:f2:b0:7a:f8:02:89:
b4:94
X509v3 extensions:
X509v3 Subject Key Identifier:
CD:59:36:AA:FE:C4:11:C7:A4:72:69:3F:0B:E8:B3:8B:
21:7B:19:ED
X509v3 Authority Key Identifier:
CD:59:36:AA:FE:C4:11:C7:A4:72:69:3F:0B:E8:B3:8B:
21:7B:19:ED
X509v3 Basic Constraints: critical
CA:TRUE
X509v3 Key Usage: critical
Certificate Sign, CRL Sign
Signature Algorithm: slhdsa_sha2_128s
Signature Value:
aa:a0:51:de:b0:c3:14:d0:cd:fb:12:46:a2:31:20:c9:ed:ab:
3f:dc:57:a5:fb:45:f6:f0:3b:7f:e3:5a:8c:b5:87:1e:1f:0b:
15:9f:aa:56:68:43:7e:ea:23:05:21:d1:33:cb:84:61:55:7e:
39:74:18:3c:ea:8e:01:a4:8d:9a:fb:35:74:69:c9:62:35:7f:
0e:34:01:1c:90:41:97:13:ff:c5:a4:65:ae:0f:bf:9b:32:d2:
2a:2c:97:86:2d:49:eb:ba:ae:9a:70:e7:35:67:3f:0a:7e:3a:
dd:0b:66:4e:f8:45:b2:e6:d8:70:ab:fb:72:60:eb:85:ae:62:
3c:a4:bf:3c:7a:e5:dd:4a:24:e2:4e:d0:b5:3b:c3:ac:e9:26:
f8:6c:ca:3b:e1:46:15:7f:18:c5:41:40:90:73:b9:19:63:86:
23:3a:b2:7f:12:3a:5f:bb:c3:10:6c:4e:b2:62:ee:3b:4b:c5:
e2:69:24:74:3e:6e:81:e2:68:48:c8:27:25:bc:b2:ac:da:a8:
ae:75:5a:5c:09:22:1c:be:95:0a:0b:5e:0c:08:49:42:3a:0d:
2d:fb:89:3b:b3:15:de:ee:e7:b2:5e:1f:a6:f0:4a:f6:65:c1:
5d:5e:05:7a:6d:2a:e7:c2:c3:20:37:ce:ab:0f:6c:ea:c9:39:
f3:28:d1:75:81:31:7f:01:e2:09:c8:56:81:50:cf:4e:fa:82:
1a:60:3e:87:bf:61:ca:a0:40:27:95:bf:f8:4f:04:b1:fd:1f:
7f:ce:29:fa:15:5c:ef:94:9a:f6:f0:0c:7f:09:7f:ec:b6:36:
26:83:69:aa:2d:69:9e:17:7a:15:aa:9b:51:43:c1:90:7c:c9:
69:3a:5a:b1:ee:77:c9:28:e7:21:d8:93:0a:80:19:9c:5e:b7:
61:5f:14:6c:9a:00:22:aa:4d:b8:86:03:b5:83:4a:e9:f3:5a:
76:cc:a3:3b:e4:13:94:f7:56:96:56:33:dd:19:d9:3d:8d:55:
ab:99:e5:00:24:f7:ff:f4:ee:08:47:8d:43:b3:f4:e3:3a:d5:
12:ef:04:00:99:62:a1:5e:cd:5f:9f:90:f3:c2:8e:35:9b:8a:
46:ec:54:4e:13:20:59:5f:63:d9:61:b1:e2:c4:36:d2:e5:27:
56:1f:53:59:9c:24:ec:6a:79:2b:1d:6a:f2:93:38:d8:eb:7a:
cd:d7:8a:c8:98:d4:87:61:bf:79:3c:2a:64:42:0f:5b:15:b4:
bd:c0:c7:c4:de:20:4c:bb:d8:0f:61:2e:aa:67:e1:a7:ff:0d:
b7:dd:05:cf:5c:cb:0c:46:26:e0:d9:48:cb:45:76:27:88:51:
49:df:4c:16:65:8c:1a:84:82:09:f3:d4:ee:c4:2a:17:a9:7b:
c0:77:24:fd:4f:00:98:12:ed:10:e7:67:c3:7d:54:78:0f:c8:
67:7f:f4:f2:80:2b:1b:34:0c:fa:5f:c4:12:85:1c:5f:e6:84:
8d:ce:12:e7:ae:f5:ef:eb:96:5f:62:6f:87:3a:35:67:ca:d8:
ad:b5:55:0b:0d:06:91:d3:9d:1a:96:2e:67:d8:b1:0e:8f:07:
3f:7b:d6:fe:b5:76:62:19:83:f6:d2:08:35:3b:9f:1d:0a:f7:
14:d2:45:50:70:5c:91:cc:b5:0f:4b:ef:79:ef:d3:c7:bd:02:
7a:fa:8b:83:cd:31:07:b0:f7:8a:79:c4:68:19:de:01:f8:73:
1a:6d:8a:c7:54:c8:4b:9a:40:53:e3:4b:e4:bd:3a:52:50:c6:
de:de:19:d7:9e:a8:88:70:f1:70:a6:11:55:b0:46:5e:40:37:
b2:90:5c:91:76:bd:20:1d:24:db:71:33:81:b8:47:ef:ec:7e:
78:d2:25:2b:4b:e2:6e:01:81:d4:12:ff:40:ff:e0:d7:90:29:
85:80:e6:4a:f5:5b:32:6c:b7:05:1c:20:27:e0:98:57:80:e7:
a2:97:cb:91:ce:d9:c1:a3:5f:dc:24:7f:b8:f5:5c:da:91:83:
e5:ae:8c:65:73:84:6a:5b:c9:3f:97:51:7d:cc:3f:d6:39:e1:
71:f1:54:8d:1f:4f:33:70:cc:07:f8:03:70:be:8c:81:e1:5d:
73:c1:9c:be:7c:3d:69:c0:cc:72:90:cf:65:38:35:71:16:ae:
1d:e2:a6:08:c8:7b:dd:c0:30:f4:b4:2a:45:fc:05:e6:1c:ef:
af:f3:53:03:2f:76:b5:7b:f1:a9:7d:16:33:b1:b5:c2:4f:9b:
55:7b:0d:22:f6:08:4b:38:b2:67:4e:d9:f8:f1:65:03:d6:5a:
1f:1f:8b:cb:da:78:fc:7b:52:a5:d7:1b:35:b2:cd:06:7e:1e:
1d:8b:60:40:91:74:2f:91:c9:c6:c7:c4:01:f5:2f:10:c2:ea:
ab:84:f6:f6:2e:fc:77:c1:85:28:90:a5:11:dc:ed:07:78:c2:
74:9c:60:86:69:40:3c:17:9b:3a:e5:e8:65:22:c2:7f:d9:88:
be:43:6a:31:90:d5:23:37:eb:93:70:e4:bc:34:94:4f:af:a4:
c1:6f:f3:30:1b:c6:e1:f5:f1:d8:7b:a4:4e:6e:69:be:82:d0:
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¶
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Much of the structure and text of this document is based on [RFC8410] and [I-D.ietf-lamps-dilithium-certificates]. The remainder comes from [I-D.ietf-lamps-cms-sphincs-plus]. Thanks to those authors, and the ones they based their work on, for making our work easier. "Copying always makes things easier and less error prone" - [RFC8411].¶