Remote ATtestation ProcedureS H. Birkholz Internet-Draft Fraunhofer SIT Intended status: Standards Track N. Smith Expires: 20 May 2025 Intel T. Fossati Linaro H. Tschofenig H-BRS D. Glaze Google LLC 16 November 2024 RATS Conceptual Messages Wrapper (CMW) draft-ietf-rats-msg-wrap-11 Abstract This document defines the RATS conceptual message wrapper (CMW) format, a type of encapsulation format that can be used for any RATS messages, such as Evidence, Attestation Results, Endorsements, and Reference Values. Additionally, the document describes a collection type that enables the aggregation of one or more CMWs into a single message. This document also defines corresponding CBOR tag, JSON Web Tokens (JWT) and CBOR Web Tokens (CWT) claims, as well as an X.509 extension. These allow embedding the wrapped conceptual messages into CBOR-based protocols, web APIs, and PKIX protocols. In addition, a Media Type and a CoAP Content-Format are defined for transporting CMWs in HTTP, MIME, CoAP and other Internet protocols. Discussion Venues This note is to be removed before publishing as an RFC. Discussion of this document takes place on the Remote ATtestation ProcedureS Working Group mailing list (rats@ietf.org), which is archived at https://mailarchive.ietf.org/arch/browse/rats/. Source for this draft and an issue tracker can be found at https://github.com/thomas-fossati/draft-ftbs-rats-msg-wrap. Status of This Memo This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79. Birkholz, et al. Expires 20 May 2025 [Page 1] Internet-Draft RATS CMW November 2024 Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet- Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." This Internet-Draft will expire on 20 May 2025. Copyright Notice Copyright (c) 2024 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved. This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (https://trustee.ietf.org/ license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Revised BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Revised BSD License. Table of Contents 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2. Conventions and Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 3. Conceptual Message Wrappers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 3.1. CMW Record . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 3.2. CMW CBOR Tags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 3.3. CMW Collections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 3.3.1. CMW Collections' role in composite Attester topology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 3.3.2. CMW Tunnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 3.4. Decapsulation Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 4. Transporting CMW in COSE and JOSE Web Tokens . . . . . . . . 11 4.1. Encoding Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 5. Transporting CMW in X.509 Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 5.1. ASN.1 Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 5.2. Compatibility with DICE ConceptualMessageWrapper . . . . 13 6. Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 6.1. JSON Record . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 6.2. CBOR Record . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 6.3. CBOR Tag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 6.4. CBOR Record with explicit CM indicator . . . . . . . . . 15 Birkholz, et al. Expires 20 May 2025 [Page 2] Internet-Draft RATS CMW November 2024 6.5. CBOR Collection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 6.6. JSON Collection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 6.7. Use in JWT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 7. Collected CDDL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 8. Implementation Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 8.1. Project Veraison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 9. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 9.1. Records and CBOR Tags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 9.2. Collections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 10. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 10.1. CWT cmw Claim Registration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 10.2. JWT cmw Claim Registration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 10.3. CBOR Tag Registration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 10.4. RATS Conceptual Message Wrapper (CMW) Indicators Registry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 10.4.1. Instructions for the Designated Expert . . . . . . . 22 10.4.2. Structure of Entries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 10.4.3. Provisional Registration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 10.5. Media Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 10.5.1. application/cmw+cbor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 10.5.2. application/cmw+json . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 10.6. CoAP Content Formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 10.7. New SMI Numbers Registrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 11. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 11.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 11.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Appendix A. Registering and Using CMWs . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Appendix B. Open Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 1. Introduction The RATS architecture defines a handful of conceptual messages (see Section 8 of [RFC9334]), such as Evidence and Attestation Results. Each conceptual message can have multiple claims encoding and serialization formats (Section 9 of [RFC9334]). Throughout their lifetime, RATS conceptual messages are typically transported over different protocols. For example, * EAT [I-D.ietf-rats-eat] Evidence in a "background check" topological arrangement first flows from Attester to Relying Party, and then from Relying Party to Verifier, over separate protocol legs. Birkholz, et al. Expires 20 May 2025 [Page 3] Internet-Draft RATS CMW November 2024 * Attestation Results for Secure Interactions (AR4SI) [I-D.ietf-rats-ar4si] payloads in "passport" mode would be sent by the Verifier to the Attester and then, at a later point in time and over a different channel, from the Attester to the Relying Party. It is desirable to reuse any typing information associated with the messages across such protocol boundaries to minimize the cost associated with type registrations and maximize interoperability. With the CMW format described in this document, protocol designers do not need to update protocol specifications to support different conceptual messages. This approach reduces the implementation effort for developers to support different attestation technologies. For example, an implementer of a Relying Party application does not need to parse attestation-related conceptual messages, such as different Evidence formats, but can instead utilize the CMW format to be agnostic to the attestation technology. This document defines two encapsulation formats for RATS conceptual messages that aim to achieve the goals stated above. These encapsulation formats have been specifically designed to possess the following characteristics: * They are self-describing, which means that they can convey precise typing information without relying on the framing provided by the embedding protocol or the storage system. * They are based on media types [RFC6838], which allows the cost of their registration to be spread across numerous usage scenarios. A protocol designer could use these formats, for example, to convey Evidence, Endorsements and Reference Values in certificates and CRLs extensions ([DICE-arch]), to embed Attestation Results or Evidence as first-class authentication credentials in TLS handshake messages [I-D.fossati-tls-attestation], to transport attestation-related payloads in RESTful APIs, or for stable storage of Attestation Results in the form of file system objects. This document also defines corresponding CBOR tag, JSON Web Tokens (JWT) and CBOR Web Tokens (CWT) claims, as well as an X.509 extension. These allow embedding the wrapped conceptual messages into CBOR-based protocols, web APIs, and PKIX protocols. In addition, a Media Type and a CoAP Content-Format are defined for transporting CMWs in HTTP, MIME, CoAP and other Internet protocols. Birkholz, et al. Expires 20 May 2025 [Page 4] Internet-Draft RATS CMW November 2024 2. Conventions and Definitions The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all capitals, as shown here. In this document, CDDL [RFC8610] [RFC9165] is used to describe the data formats. The reader is assumed to be familiar with the vocabulary and concepts defined in [RFC9334]. This document reuses the terms defined in Section 2 of [RFC9193] (e.g., "Content-Type"). 3. Conceptual Message Wrappers A RATS Conceptual Message Wrapper (CMW) has a tree structure of leaves that contain payload messages associated with their content type. The two leaf node types are: * A CMW using a CBOR or JSON record (Section 3.1); * A CMW based on CBOR tags (Section 3.2). Intermediate tree nodes are either: * A CMW "collection" type that holds together multiple CMW items (Section 3.3); * A CMW "tunnel" type that allows transporting CBOR CMWs in JSON collections and vice-versa (Section 3.3.2). The following snippet outlines the productions associated with the top-level types. start = cmw cmw = json-cmw / cbor-cmw json-cmw = json-record / json-collection cbor-cmw = cbor-record / cbor-collection / $cbor-tag The complete CDDL can be found in Section 7. Birkholz, et al. Expires 20 May 2025 [Page 5] Internet-Draft RATS CMW November 2024 Section 4 and Section 5 describe the transport of CMWs using CBOR and JSON Web Tokens and PKIX messages, respectively. This document only defines an encapsulation, not a security format. It is the responsibility of the Attester to ensure that the CMW contents have the necessary security protection. Security considerations are discussed in Section 9. 3.1. CMW Record The format of the CMW record is shown in Figure 1. The JSON [STD90] and CBOR [STD94] representations are provided separately. Both the json-record and cbor-record have the same fields except for slight differences in the types discussed below. json-record = [ type: media-type value: base64url-string ? ind: uint .bits cm-type ] cbor-record = [ type: coap-content-format-type / media-type value: bytes ? ind: uint .bits cm-type ] Figure 1: CDDL definition of the Record format Each contains two or three members: type: Either a text string representing a Content-Type (e.g., an EAT media type [I-D.ietf-rats-eat-media-type]) or an unsigned integer corresponding to a CoAP Content-Format number (Section 12.3 of [RFC7252]). The latter MUST NOT be used in the JSON serialization. value: The RATS conceptual message serialized according to the value defined in the type member. When using JSON, the value field MUST be encoded as Base64 using the URL and filename safe alphabet (Section 5 of [RFC4648]) without padding. This always applies, even if the conceptual message format is already textual (e.g., a JWT EAT). When using CBOR, the value field MUST be encoded as a CBOR byte string. ind: Birkholz, et al. Expires 20 May 2025 [Page 6] Internet-Draft RATS CMW November 2024 An optional bitmap that indicates which conceptual message types are carried in the value field. Any combination (i.e., any value between 1 and 15, included) is allowed. This is useful only if the type is potentially ambiguous and there is no further context available to the CMW consumer to decide. For example, this might be the case if the base media type is not profiled (e.g., application/eat+cwt), if the value field contains multiple conceptual messages with different types (e.g., both Reference Values and Endorsements within the same application/signed- corim+cbor), or if the same profile identifier is shared by different conceptual messages. Future specifications may add new values to the ind field; see Section 10.4. 3.2. CMW CBOR Tags CMW of type CBOR Tag derive their tag numbers from a corresponding CoAP Content-Format ID using the TN() transform defined in Appendix B of [RFC9277]. Such CBOR tag numbers are in range [1668546817, 1668612095]. The RATS conceptual message is first serialized according to the Content-Format ID and then encoded as a CBOR byte string, to which the TN-derived tag number is prepended. The CMW CBOR Tag is defined in Figure 2 using two different macros. One for CBOR-encoded types, the other for all other types. Both macros take the CBOR tag number tn as a parameter. The cbor-tagged- cbor macro takes the CDDL definition of the associated conceptual message fmt as a second parameter. cbor-tagged-cbor = #6.(bytes .cbor fmt) cbor-tagged-data = #6.(bytes) Figure 2: CDDL definition of the CBOR Tag format macros To add a new CMW, the $cbor-tag type socket is extended with a new instance of the CMW CBOR Tag macro. For example, to associate conceptual messages of type my-evidence with CBOR Tag 1668576819, one would extend $cbor-tag as follows: $cbor-tag /= cbor-tagged-cbor<1668576819, my-evidence> my-evidence = { &(eat_nonce: 10) => bstr .size (8..64) } Birkholz, et al. Expires 20 May 2025 [Page 7] Internet-Draft RATS CMW November 2024 3.3. CMW Collections Layered Attesters and composite devices (Sections 3.2 and 3.3 of [RFC9334]) generate Evidence that consists of multiple parts. For example, in data center servers, it is not uncommon for separate attesting environments (AE) to serve a subsection of the entire machine. One AE might measure and attest to what was booted on the main CPU, while another AE might measure and attest to what was booted on a SmartNIC plugged into a PCIe slot, and a third AE might measure and attest to what was booted on the machine's GPU. To allow aggregation of multiple, potentially non-homogeneous evidence formats collected from different AEs, this document defines a CMW "collection" as a container that holds several CMW items, each with a label that is unique within the scope of the collection. Although originally designed to support layered Attester and composite device use cases, the CMW collection can be adapted for other scenarios that require the aggregation of RATS conceptual messages. For instance, collections may be used to group Endorsements, Reference Values, Attestation Results, and more. A single CMW collection can contain a mix of different message types, and it can also be used to carry messages related to multiple devices simultaneously. The CMW collection (Figure 3) is defined as a CBOR map or JSON object with CMW values, either native or "tunnelled" (Section 3.3.2). The position of a cmw entry in the cmw-collection is not significant. Labels can be strings (or integers in the CBOR serialization) that serve as a mnemonic for different conceptual messages in the collection. The "__cmwc_t" key is reserved for associating an optional type to the overall collection and MUST NOT be used for a label. The collection type is either a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) or an object identifier (OID). The OID is always absolute and never relative. Since the collection type is recursive, implementations may limit the allowed depth of nesting. Birkholz, et al. Expires 20 May 2025 [Page 8] Internet-Draft RATS CMW November 2024 json-collection = { ? "__cmwc_t": ~uri / oid + &(label: text) => json-cmw / c2j-tunnel } cbor-collection = { ? "__cmwc_t": ~uri / oid + &(label: (int / text)) => cbor-cmw / j2c-tunnel } Figure 3: CDDL definition of the CMW collection format CMW itself provides no facilities for authenticity, integrity protection, or confidentiality. It is the responsibility of the designer for each use case to determine the necessary security properties and implement them accordingly. A secure channel (e.g., via TLS) or object-level security (e.g., using JWT) may suffice in some scenarios, but not in all. When a CMW is used to carry Evidence for composite or layered attestation of a single device, all components within the CMW must be cryptographically bound to prevent an attacker from replacing Evidence from a compromised device with Evidence from a non- compromised device. The protection of authenticity and integrity MUST be provided by the attestation technology. For additional security considerations related to collections, refer to Section 9.2. 3.3.1. CMW Collections' role in composite Attester topology A CMW Collection's tree structure is not required to be a spanning tree of the system's composite Attester topology. If the labels carry semantic content for a Verifier (e.g. to improve Verifier performance or aid human comprehension), the collection SHOULD be integrity protected. For example, the collection can be integrity protected by including it in a signed token such as a CWT or JWT. 3.3.2. CMW Tunnel The CMW tunnel type (Figure 4) allows for moving a CMW in one serialization format, either JSON or CBOR, into a collection that uses the opposite serialization format. Both tunnel types are arrays with two elements. The first element, a fixed text string starting with a #, acts as a sentinel value. The #, which is not an acceptable start symbol for the Content-Type production (Section 7), makes it possible to disambiguate a CMW tunnel from a CMW record. Birkholz, et al. Expires 20 May 2025 [Page 9] Internet-Draft RATS CMW November 2024 c2j-tunnel = [ "#cmw-c2j-tunnel", base64url-string ] j2c-tunnel = [ "#cmw-j2c-tunnel", bytes ] Figure 4: CDDL definition of the CMW tunnel format The conversion algorithms are described in the following subsections. 3.3.2.1. CBOR-to-JSON The CBOR byte string of the serialised CBOR CMW is encoded as Base64 using the URL and filename safe alphabet (Section 5 of [RFC4648]) without padding. The obtained string is added as the second element of the c2j-tunnel array. The c2j-tunnel array is serialized as JSON. 3.3.2.2. JSON-to-CBOR The UTF-8 string of the serialized JSON CMW is encoded as a CBOR byte string (Major type 2). The byte string is added as the second element of the j2c-tunnel array. The j2c-tunnel array is serialized as CBOR. 3.4. Decapsulation Algorithm Once any external framing is removed (for example, if the CMW is carried in a certificate extension), the CMW decoder performs a 1-byte lookahead to determine how to decode the remaining byte buffer. The following pseudo-code illustrates this process: func CMWTypeDemux(b []byte) (CMW, error) { if len(b) == 0 { return Unknown } if b[0] == 0x82 || b[0] == 0x83 { return CBORRecord } else if b[0] >= 0xc0 && b[0] <= 0xdb { return CBORTag } else if b[0] == 0x5b { return JSONRecord } else if b[0] == 0x7b { return JSONCollection } else if (b[0] >= 0xa0 && b[0] <= 0xbb) || b[0] == 0xbf { return CBORCollection } return Unknown } Birkholz, et al. Expires 20 May 2025 [Page 10] Internet-Draft RATS CMW November 2024 4. Transporting CMW in COSE and JOSE Web Tokens To facilitate the embedding of CMWs and CMW collections in CBOR-based protocols and web APIs, this document defines two "cmw" claims for use with JSON Web Tokens (JWT) and CBOR Web Tokens (CWT). The definitions for these claims can be found in Section 10.2 and Section 10.1, respectively. 4.1. Encoding Requirements A CMW collection carried in a "cmw" JWT claim MUST be a json- collection. A CMW collection carried in a "cmw" CWT claim MUST be a cbor-collection. A CMW record carried in a "cmw" JWT claim MUST be a json-record. A CMW record carried in a "cmw" CWT claim MUST be a cbor-record. 5. Transporting CMW in X.509 Messages CMW may need to be transported in PKIX messages, such as Certificate Signing Requests (CSRs) or in X.509 Certificates and Certificate Revocation Lists (CRLs). The use of CMW in CSRs is documented in [I-D.ietf-lamps-csr-attestation], while its application in X.509 Certificates and CRLs is detailed in Section 6.1 of [DICE-arch]. This section outlines the CMW extension designed to carry CMW objects. The CMW extension MAY be included in X.509 Certificates, CRLs [RFC5280], and CSRs. The CMW extension MUST be identified by the following object identifier: id-pe-cmw OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { iso(1) identified-organization(3) dod(6) internet(1) security(5) mechanisms(5) pkix(7) id-pe(1) TBD } This extension SHOULD NOT be marked critical. It MAY be marked critical in cases where the attestation-related information is essential for granting resource access, and there is a risk that legacy relying parties would bypass such controls. The CMW extension MUST have the following syntax: Birkholz, et al. Expires 20 May 2025 [Page 11] Internet-Draft RATS CMW November 2024 CMW ::= CHOICE { json UTF8String, cbor OCTET STRING } The CMW MUST include the serialized CMW object in either JSON or CBOR format, utilizing the appropriate CHOICE entry. The DER-encoded CMW is the value of the OCTET STRING for the extnValue field of the extension. 5.1. ASN.1 Module This section provides an ASN.1 module [X.680] for the CMW extension, following the conventions established in [RFC5912] and [RFC6268]. Birkholz, et al. Expires 20 May 2025 [Page 12] Internet-Draft RATS CMW November 2024 CMWExtn { iso(1) identified-organization(3) dod(6) internet(1) security(5) mechanisms(5) pkix(7) id-mod(0) id-mod-cmw-collection-extn(TBD) } DEFINITIONS IMPLICIT TAGS ::= BEGIN IMPORTS EXTENSION FROM PKIX-CommonTypes-2009 -- RFC 5912 { iso(1) identified-organization(3) dod(6) internet(1) security(5) mechanisms(5) pkix(7) id-mod(0) id-mod-pkixCommon-02(57) } ; -- CMW Extension ext-CMW EXTENSION ::= { SYNTAX CMW IDENTIFIED BY id-pe-cmw } -- CMW Extension OID id-pe-cmw OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { iso(1) identified-organization(3) dod(6) internet(1) security(5) mechanisms(5) pkix(7) id-pe(1) TBD } -- CMW Extension Syntax CMW ::= CHOICE { json UTF8String, cbor OCTET STRING } END 5.2. Compatibility with DICE ConceptualMessageWrapper Section 6.1.8 of [DICE-arch] specifies the ConceptualMessageWrapper (CMW) format and its corresponding object identifier. The CMW format outlined in [DICE-arch] permits only a subset of the CMW grammar defined in this document. In particular, the tunnel and collection formats cannot be encoded using DICE CMWs. Birkholz, et al. Expires 20 May 2025 [Page 13] Internet-Draft RATS CMW November 2024 6. Examples The (equivalent) examples in Section 6.1, Section 6.2, and Section 6.3 assume that the Media-Type-Name application/ vnd.example.rats-conceptual-msg has been registered alongside a corresponding CoAP Content-Format ID 30001. The CBOR tag 1668576935 is derived applying the TN() transform as described in Section 3.2. All the examples focus on the wrapping aspects. The wrapped messages are not instances of real Conceptual Messages. 6.1. JSON Record [ "application/vnd.example.rats-conceptual-msg", "I0faVQ" ] 6.2. CBOR Record [ 30001, h'2347da55' ] with the following wire representation: 82 # array(2) 19 7531 # unsigned(30001) 44 # bytes(4) 2347da55 # "#G\xDAU" Note that a Media-Type-Name can also be used with the CBOR record form, for example if it is known that the receiver cannot handle CoAP Content-Formats, or (unlike the case in point) if a CoAP Content- Format number has not been registrered. [ "application/vnd.example.rats-conceptual-msg", h'2347da55' ] 6.3. CBOR Tag 1668576935(h'2347da55') with the following wire representation: Birkholz, et al. Expires 20 May 2025 [Page 14] Internet-Draft RATS CMW November 2024 da 637476a7 # tag(1668576935) 44 # bytes(4) 2347da55 # "#G\xDAU" 6.4. CBOR Record with explicit CM indicator This is an example of a signed CoRIM (Concise Reference Integrity Manifest) [I-D.ietf-rats-corim] with an explicit ind value of 0b0000_0011 (3), indicating that the wrapped message contains both Reference Values and Endorsements. [ "application/signed-corim+cbor", h'd901f6d28440a044d901f5a040', 3 ] with the following wire representation: 83 # array(3) 78 1d # text(29) 6170706c69636174696f6e2f7369676e65642d636f72696d2b63626f72 # "app lication/signed-corim+cbor" 4d # bytes(13) d901f6d28440a044d901f5a040 # "\xD9\u0001\xF6҄@\xA0D\xD9\u00 01\xF5\xA0@" 03 # unsigned(3) 6.5. CBOR Collection The following example is a CBOR collection that assembles conceptual messages from three attesters: Evidence for attesters A and B and Attestation Results for attester C. Since attester C returns Attestation Results as CMW in JSON record format, the JSON record needs to be tunnelled. It is given an explicit collection type using the URI form. Birkholz, et al. Expires 20 May 2025 [Page 15] Internet-Draft RATS CMW November 2024 { "__cmwc_t": "tag:example.com,2024:composite-attester", / attester A / 0: [ 30001, h'2347da55', 4 ], / attester B / 1: 1668576935(h'2347da55'), / attester C / 2: [ "#cmw-j2c-tunnel", '[ "application/eat+jwt", "Li4u", 8 ]' ] } 6.6. JSON Collection The following example is a JSON collection that assembles Evidence from two attesters. Since attester B outputs Evidence as CMW in CMW record format, the CBOR record needs to be tunnelled. { "__cmwc_t": "tag:example.com,2024:another-composite-attester", "attester A": [ "application/eat-ucs+json", "e30K", 4 ], "attester B (tunnelled)": [ "#cmw-c2j-tunnel", "g3gYYXBwbGljYXRpb24vZWF0LXVjcytjYm9yQaAE" ] } 6.7. Use in JWT The following example shows the use of the "cmw" JWT claim to transport a CMW collection in a JWT Claims Set [RFC7519]: Birkholz, et al. Expires 20 May 2025 [Page 16] Internet-Draft RATS CMW November 2024 { "cmw": { "__cmwc_t": "tag:example.com,2024:another-composite-attester", "attester A": [ "application/eat-ucs+json", "e30K", 4 ], "attester B (tunnelled)": [ "#cmw-c2j-tunnel", "g3gYYXBwbGljYXRpb24vZWF0LXVjcytjYm9yQaAE" ] }, "iss": "evidence collection daemon", "exp": 1300819380 } 7. Collected CDDL start = cmw cmw = json-cmw / cbor-cmw json-cmw = json-record / json-collection cbor-cmw = cbor-record / cbor-collection / $cbor-tag json-record = [ type: media-type value: base64url-string ? ind: uint .bits cm-type ] cbor-record = [ type: coap-content-format-type / media-type value: bytes ? ind: uint .bits cm-type ] cbor-tagged-cbor = #6.(bytes .cbor fmt) cbor-tagged-data = #6.(bytes) json-collection = { ? "__cmwc_t": ~uri / oid + &(label: text) => json-cmw / c2j-tunnel } cbor-collection = { Birkholz, et al. Expires 20 May 2025 [Page 17] Internet-Draft RATS CMW November 2024 ? "__cmwc_t": ~uri / oid + &(label: (int / text)) => cbor-cmw / j2c-tunnel } c2j-tunnel = [ "#cmw-c2j-tunnel", base64url-string ] j2c-tunnel = [ "#cmw-j2c-tunnel", bytes ] media-type = text .abnf ("Content-Type" .cat Content-Type-ABNF) base64url-string = text .regexp "[A-Za-z0-9_-]+" cm-type = &( reference-values: 0 endorsements: 1 evidence: 2 attestation-results: 3 ) coap-content-format-type = uint .size 2 oid = text .regexp "([0-2])((\\.0)|(\\.[1-9][0-9]*))*" Content-Type-ABNF = ' Content-Type = Media-Type-Name *( *SP ";" *SP parameter ) parameter = token "=" ( token / quoted-string ) token = 1*tchar tchar = "!" / "#" / "$" / "%" / "&" / "\'" / "*" / "+" / "-" / "." / "^" / "_" / "`" / "|" / "~" / DIGIT / ALPHA quoted-string = %x22 *( qdtext / quoted-pair ) %x22 qdtext = SP / %x21 / %x23-5B / %x5D-7E quoted-pair = "\" ( SP / VCHAR ) Media-Type-Name = type-name "/" subtype-name type-name = restricted-name subtype-name = restricted-name restricted-name = restricted-name-first *126restricted-name-chars restricted-name-first = ALPHA / DIGIT restricted-name-chars = ALPHA / DIGIT / "!" / "#" / "$" / "&" / "-" / "^" / "_" restricted-name-chars =/ "." ; Characters before first dot always ; specify a facet name restricted-name-chars =/ "+" ; Characters after last plus always ; specify a structured syntax suffix Birkholz, et al. Expires 20 May 2025 [Page 18] Internet-Draft RATS CMW November 2024 DIGIT = %x30-39 ; 0 - 9 POS-DIGIT = %x31-39 ; 1 - 9 ALPHA = %x41-5A / %x61-7A ; A - Z / a - z SP = %x20 VCHAR = %x21-7E ; printable ASCII (no SP) ' 8. Implementation Status This section records the status of known implementations of the protocol defined by this specification at the time of posting of this Internet-Draft, and is based on a proposal described in [RFC7942]. The description of implementations in this section is intended to assist the IETF in its decision processes in progressing drafts to RFCs. Please note that the listing of any individual implementation here does not imply endorsement by the IETF. Furthermore, no effort has been spent to verify the information presented here that was supplied by IETF contributors. This is not intended as, and must not be construed to be, a catalog of available implementations or their features. Readers are advised to note that other implementations may exist. According to [RFC7942], "this will allow reviewers and working groups to assign due consideration to documents that have the benefit of running code, which may serve as evidence of valuable experimentation and feedback that have made the implemented protocols more mature. It is up to the individual working groups to use this information as they see fit". 8.1. Project Veraison The organization responsible for this implementation is Project Veraison, a Linux Foundation project hosted at the Confidential Computing Consortium. The software, hosted at https://github.com/veraison/cmw, provides a Golang package that allows encoding and decoding of CMW payloads. The implementation covers all the features presented in this draft. The maturity level is alpha. The license is Apache 2.0. The developers can be contacted on the Zulip channel: https://veraison.zulipchat.com/#narrow/stream/383526-CMW/. 9. Security Considerations Birkholz, et al. Expires 20 May 2025 [Page 19] Internet-Draft RATS CMW November 2024 9.1. Records and CBOR Tags RATS conceptual messages are typically secured using cryptography. If the messages are already protected, then there are no additional security requirements imposed by the introduction of this encapsulation. If an adversary tries to modify the payload encapsulation, it will result in incorrect processing of the encapsulated message and lead to an error. If the messages are not protected, additional security must be added at a different layer. As an example, a cbor-record containing an UCCS (Unprotected CWT Claims Sets) [I-D.ietf-rats-uccs] can be signed using COSE Sign1 [STD96]. 9.2. Collections If the collection is not protected from tampering by external security measures (such as object security primitives) or internal mechanisms (such as intra-item binding), an attacker could easily manipulate the collection's contents. It is the responsibility of the Attester who creates the CMW collection to ensure that the contents of the collection are integrity-protected. The designer of the attestation technology is typically in charge of ensuring that the security properties are met, not the user of the conceptual message wrapper. In particular, when a CMW is used to carry multiple Evidence messages for a composite device or layered attestation, there should be strong binding between the Evidence messages within the collection. This binding is needed to prevent attacks where Evidence from a subverted part of the device is replaced by Evidence from a separate non-subverted device. The binding of Evidence messages should be some form of attestation. For example, key material used to sign/bind an entire CMW collection should be an attestation key, handled as described in Section 12.1 of [RFC9334]. The binding does not necessarily have to be a signature over the CMW collection, it might also be achieved through identifiers, cross- linking, signing or hashing between the members of the collection. Client-authenticated TLS may be used to bind a CMW collection of Evidence messages. However, the client key used with TLS should not be that of the end-user or owner of the device. Instead, it should be attestation-oriented key material from the device or the attester manufacturer. 10. IANA Considerations // RFC Editor: Please replace "RFCthis" with the RFC number assigned to this document. Birkholz, et al. Expires 20 May 2025 [Page 20] Internet-Draft RATS CMW November 2024 // RFC Editor: This document uses the CPA (code point allocation) convention described in [I-D.bormann-cbor-draft-numbers]. For each usage of the term "CPA", please remove the prefix "CPA" from the indicated value and replace the residue with the value assigned by IANA; perform an analogous substitution for all other occurrences of the prefix "CPA" in the document. Finally, please remove this note. 10.1. CWT cmw Claim Registration IANA is requested to add a new cmw claim to the "CBOR Web Token (CWT) Claims" registry [IANA.cwt] as follows: * Claim Name: cmw * Claim Description: A RATS Conceptual Message Wrapper * JWT Claim Name: cmw * Claim Key: CPA299 * Claim Value Type(s): CBOR Map, CBOR Array, or CBOR Tag * Change Controller: IETF * Specification Document(s): Section 3.1, Section 3.3 and Section 3.2 of RFCthis 10.2. JWT cmw Claim Registration IANA is requested to add a new cmw claim to the "JSON Web Token Claims" sub-registry of the "JSON Web Token (JWT)" registry [IANA.jwt] as follows: * Claim Name: cmw * Claim Description: A RATS Conceptual Message Wrapper * Change Controller: IETF * Specification Document(s): Section 3.1 and Section 3.3 of RFCthis 10.3. CBOR Tag Registration IANA is requested to add the following tag to the "CBOR Tags" [IANA.cbor-tags] registry. Birkholz, et al. Expires 20 May 2025 [Page 21] Internet-Draft RATS CMW November 2024 +========+=============+=================+========================+ | CBOR | Data Item | Semantics | Reference | | Tag | | | | +========+=============+=================+========================+ | CPA765 | CBOR map, | RATS Conceptual | Section 3.1, | | | CBOR array, | Message Wrapper | Section 3.2 and | | | CBOR tag | | Section 3.3 of RFCthis | +--------+-------------+-----------------+------------------------+ Table 1 10.4. RATS Conceptual Message Wrapper (CMW) Indicators Registry This specification defines a new "RATS Conceptual Message Wrapper (CMW) Indicators" registry, with the policy "Expert Review" (Section 4.5 of [BCP26]). The objective is to have CMW Indicators values registered for all RATS Conceptual Messages (Section 8 of [RFC9334]). This registry is to be added to the Remote Attestation Procedures (RATS) registry group at [IANA.rats]. 10.4.1. Instructions for the Designated Expert The expert is instructed to add the values incrementally. Acceptable values are those corresponding to RATS Conceptual Messages defined by the RATS architecture [RFC9334] and any of its updates. 10.4.2. Structure of Entries Each entry in the registry must include: Indicator value: A number corresponding to the bit position in the ind bitmap (Section 3.1). Conceptual Message name: A text string describing the RATS conceptual message this indicator corresponds to. Reference: A reference to a document, if available, or the registrant. The initial registrations for the registry are detailed in Table 2. Birkholz, et al. Expires 20 May 2025 [Page 22] Internet-Draft RATS CMW November 2024 +=================+=========================+===========+ | Indicator value | Conceptual Message name | Reference | +=================+=========================+===========+ | 0 | Reference Values | RFCthis | +-----------------+-------------------------+-----------+ | 1 | Endorsements | RFCthis | +-----------------+-------------------------+-----------+ | 2 | Evidence | RFCthis | +-----------------+-------------------------+-----------+ | 3 | Attestation Results | RFCthis | +-----------------+-------------------------+-----------+ | 4-31 | Unassigned | RFCthis | +-----------------+-------------------------+-----------+ Table 2: CMW Indicators Registry Initial Contents 10.4.3. Provisional Registration Before the creation of the registry by IANA, new codepoints can be added to the provisional CMW Indicators registry (https://github.com/ ietf-rats-wg/draft-ietf-rats-msg-wrap/blob/main/provisional/cmw- indicators-registry.md) by following the documented procedure. Table 2 will be regularly updated to match the contents of the provisional registry. The provisional registry will be discontinued once IANA establishes the permanent registry, which is expected to coincide with the publication of the current document. 10.5. Media Types IANA is requested to add the following media types to the "Media Types" registry [IANA.media-types]. +==========+======================+============================+ | Name | Template | Reference | +==========+======================+============================+ | cmw+cbor | application/cmw+cbor | Section 3.1, Section 3.2 | | | | and Section 3.3 of RFCthis | +----------+----------------------+----------------------------+ | cmw+json | application/cmw+json | Section 3.1 and | | | | Section 3.3 of RFCthis | +----------+----------------------+----------------------------+ Table 3: CMW Media Types Birkholz, et al. Expires 20 May 2025 [Page 23] Internet-Draft RATS CMW November 2024 10.5.1. application/cmw+cbor Type name: application Subtype name: cmw+cbor Required parameters: n/a Optional parameters: cmwc_t (CMW collection type in string format. The parameter value is case-insensitive. It MUST NOT be used for CMW that are not collections.) Encoding considerations: binary (CBOR) Security considerations: Section 9 of RFCthis Interoperability considerations: n/a Published specification: RFCthis Applications that use this media type: Attesters, Verifiers, Endorsers and Reference-Value providers, Relying Parties that need to transfer CMW payloads over HTTP(S), CoAP(S), and other transports. Fragment identifier considerations: The syntax and semantics of fragment identifiers are as specified for "application/cbor". (No fragment identification syntax is currently defined for "application/cbor".) Person & email address to contact for further information: RATS WG mailing list (rats@ietf.org) Intended usage: COMMON Restrictions on usage: none Author/Change controller: IETF Provisional registration: no 10.5.2. application/cmw+json Type name: application Subtype name: cmw+json Required parameters: n/a Optional parameters: cmwc_t (CMW collection type in string format. The parameter value is case-insensitive. It MUST NOT be used for CMW that are not collections.) Encoding considerations: binary (JSON is UTF-8-encoded text) Security considerations: Section 9 of RFCthis Interoperability considerations: n/a Published specification: RFCthis Applications that use this media type: Attesters, Verifiers, Endorsers and Reference-Value providers, Relying Parties that need to transfer CMW payloads over HTTP(S), CoAP(S), and other transports. Fragment identifier considerations: The syntax and semantics of fragment identifiers are as specified for "application/json". (No fragment identification syntax is currently defined for "application/json".) Person & email address to contact for further information: RATS WG Birkholz, et al. Expires 20 May 2025 [Page 24] Internet-Draft RATS CMW November 2024 mailing list (rats@ietf.org) Intended usage: COMMON Restrictions on usage: none Author/Change controller: IETF Provisional registration: no 10.6. CoAP Content Formats IANA is requested to register the following Content-Format numbers in the "CoAP Content-Formats" sub-registry, within the "Constrained RESTful Environments (CoRE) Parameters" Registry [IANA.core-parameters]: +==============+================+======+============================+ | Content-Type | Content | ID | Reference | | | Coding | | | +==============+================+======+============================+ | application/ | - | TBD1 | Section 3.1, Section 3.2 | | cmw+cbor | | | and Section 3.3 of RFCthis | +--------------+----------------+------+----------------------------+ | application/ | - | TBD2 | Section 3.1 and | | cmw+json | | | Section 3.3 of RFCthis | +--------------+----------------+------+----------------------------+ Table 4: New CoAP Content Formats If possible, TBD1 and TBD2 should be assigned in the 256..9999 range. 10.7. New SMI Numbers Registrations IANA is requested to assign an object identifier (OID) for the CMW extension defined in Section 5 in the "SMI Security for PKIX Certificate Extension" sub-registry of the "SMI Numbers" [IANA.smi-numbers] registry: +=========+=============+======================+ | Decimal | Description | References | +=========+=============+======================+ | TBD | id-pe-cmw | Section 5 of RFCthis | +---------+-------------+----------------------+ Table 5: New CMW Extension OID IANA is requested to assign an object identifier (OID) for the ASN.1 Module defined in Section 5.1 in the "SMI Security for PKIX Module Identifier" sub-registry of the "SMI Numbers" [IANA.smi-numbers] registry: Birkholz, et al. Expires 20 May 2025 [Page 25] Internet-Draft RATS CMW November 2024 +=========+============================+========================+ | Decimal | Description | References | +=========+============================+========================+ | TBD | id-mod-cmw-collection-extn | Section 5.1 of RFCthis | +---------+----------------------------+------------------------+ Table 6: New ASN.1 Module OID 11. References 11.1. Normative References [BCP26] Cotton, M., Leiba, B., and T. Narten, "Guidelines for Writing an IANA Considerations Section in RFCs", BCP 26, RFC 8126, DOI 10.17487/RFC8126, June 2017, . [IANA.cbor-tags] IANA, "Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR) Tags", . [IANA.core-parameters] IANA, "Constrained RESTful Environments (CoRE) Parameters", . [IANA.cwt] IANA, "CBOR Web Token (CWT) Claims", . [IANA.jwt] IANA, "JSON Web Token (JWT)", . [IANA.media-types] IANA, "Media Types", . [IANA.rats] IANA, "Remote Attestation Procedures (RATS)", . [IANA.smi-numbers] IANA, "Structure of Management Information (SMI) Numbers (MIB Module Registrations)", . Birkholz, et al. Expires 20 May 2025 [Page 26] Internet-Draft RATS CMW November 2024 [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997, . [RFC4648] Josefsson, S., "The Base16, Base32, and Base64 Data Encodings", RFC 4648, DOI 10.17487/RFC4648, October 2006, . [RFC5280] Cooper, D., Santesson, S., Farrell, S., Boeyen, S., Housley, R., and W. Polk, "Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure Certificate and Certificate Revocation List (CRL) Profile", RFC 5280, DOI 10.17487/RFC5280, May 2008, . [RFC6838] Freed, N., Klensin, J., and T. Hansen, "Media Type Specifications and Registration Procedures", BCP 13, RFC 6838, DOI 10.17487/RFC6838, January 2013, . [RFC7252] Shelby, Z., Hartke, K., and C. Bormann, "The Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP)", RFC 7252, DOI 10.17487/RFC7252, June 2014, . [RFC7519] Jones, M., Bradley, J., and N. Sakimura, "JSON Web Token (JWT)", RFC 7519, DOI 10.17487/RFC7519, May 2015, . [RFC8174] Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC 2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174, May 2017, . [RFC8610] Birkholz, H., Vigano, C., and C. Bormann, "Concise Data Definition Language (CDDL): A Notational Convention to Express Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR) and JSON Data Structures", RFC 8610, DOI 10.17487/RFC8610, June 2019, . [RFC9165] Bormann, C., "Additional Control Operators for the Concise Data Definition Language (CDDL)", RFC 9165, DOI 10.17487/RFC9165, December 2021, . [RFC9277] Richardson, M. and C. Bormann, "On Stable Storage for Items in Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR)", RFC 9277, DOI 10.17487/RFC9277, August 2022, . Birkholz, et al. Expires 20 May 2025 [Page 27] Internet-Draft RATS CMW November 2024 [STD90] Bray, T., Ed., "The JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) Data Interchange Format", STD 90, RFC 8259, DOI 10.17487/RFC8259, December 2017, . [STD94] Bormann, C. and P. Hoffman, "Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR)", STD 94, RFC 8949, DOI 10.17487/RFC8949, December 2020, . [X.680] International Telephone and Telegraph Consultative Committee, "Specification of Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1): Specification of Basic Notation", CCITT Recommendation X.680, July 1994. 11.2. Informative References [DICE-arch] Trusted Computing Group, "DICE Attestation Architecture", January 2024, . [I-D.bormann-cbor-draft-numbers] Bormann, C., "Managing CBOR codepoints in Internet- Drafts", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-bormann- cbor-draft-numbers-04, 29 August 2024, . [I-D.fossati-tls-attestation] Tschofenig, H., Sheffer, Y., Howard, P., Mihalcea, I., Deshpande, Y., Niemi, A., and T. Fossati, "Using Attestation in Transport Layer Security (TLS) and Datagram Transport Layer Security (DTLS)", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-fossati-tls-attestation-08, 21 October 2024, . [I-D.ietf-lamps-csr-attestation] Ounsworth, M., Tschofenig, H., Birkholz, H., Wiseman, M., and N. Smith, "Use of Remote Attestation with Certification Signing Requests", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-lamps-csr-attestation-14, 21 October 2024, . Birkholz, et al. Expires 20 May 2025 [Page 28] Internet-Draft RATS CMW November 2024 [I-D.ietf-rats-ar4si] Voit, E., Birkholz, H., Hardjono, T., Fossati, T., and V. Scarlata, "Attestation Results for Secure Interactions", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-rats-ar4si- 07, 2 September 2024, . [I-D.ietf-rats-corim] Birkholz, H., Fossati, T., Deshpande, Y., Smith, N., and W. Pan, "Concise Reference Integrity Manifest", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-rats-corim-06, 18 October 2024, . [I-D.ietf-rats-eat] Lundblade, L., Mandyam, G., O'Donoghue, J., and C. Wallace, "The Entity Attestation Token (EAT)", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-rats-eat-31, 6 September 2024, . [I-D.ietf-rats-eat-media-type] Lundblade, L., Birkholz, H., and T. Fossati, "EAT Media Types", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-rats- eat-media-type-12, 3 November 2024, . [I-D.ietf-rats-uccs] Birkholz, H., O'Donoghue, J., Cam-Winget, N., and C. Bormann, "A CBOR Tag for Unprotected CWT Claims Sets", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-rats-uccs-12, 3 November 2024, . [RFC5912] Hoffman, P. and J. Schaad, "New ASN.1 Modules for the Public Key Infrastructure Using X.509 (PKIX)", RFC 5912, DOI 10.17487/RFC5912, June 2010, . [RFC6268] Schaad, J. and S. Turner, "Additional New ASN.1 Modules for the Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS) and the Public Key Infrastructure Using X.509 (PKIX)", RFC 6268, DOI 10.17487/RFC6268, July 2011, . Birkholz, et al. Expires 20 May 2025 [Page 29] Internet-Draft RATS CMW November 2024 [RFC7942] Sheffer, Y. and A. Farrel, "Improving Awareness of Running Code: The Implementation Status Section", BCP 205, RFC 7942, DOI 10.17487/RFC7942, July 2016, . [RFC9193] Keränen, A. and C. Bormann, "Sensor Measurement Lists (SenML) Fields for Indicating Data Value Content-Format", RFC 9193, DOI 10.17487/RFC9193, June 2022, . [RFC9334] Birkholz, H., Thaler, D., Richardson, M., Smith, N., and W. Pan, "Remote ATtestation procedureS (RATS) Architecture", RFC 9334, DOI 10.17487/RFC9334, January 2023, . [STD96] Schaad, J., "CBOR Object Signing and Encryption (COSE): Structures and Process", STD 96, RFC 9052, DOI 10.17487/RFC9052, August 2022, . Appendix A. Registering and Using CMWs Figure 5 describes the registration preconditions for using CMWs in either CMW record or CBOR tag forms. When using CMW collection, the preconditions apply for each entry in the collection. Birkholz, et al. Expires 20 May 2025 [Page 30] Internet-Draft RATS CMW November 2024 .---------------. .---------. | Reuse EAT/CoRIM | | Register | | media type(s) | | new media | | + profile | | type | `---+----+------' `-+----+--' | | | | | .-+------------+-. | | | | Register | | | .-(-+-' new CoAP `-+-(-. | | | Content-Format | | | | | `-------+--------' | | | | | | | | | v | | | | .--------------. | | | | | Automatically | | | | | | derive CBOR | | | | | | tag [RFC9277] | | | | | `------+-------' | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | v | | | | .----------------. | | | | / CBOR tag CMW / | | v v `----------------' v v .--------------------------------------. / CMW / `--------------------------------------' Figure 5: How To Create a CMW Appendix B. Open Issues The list of currently open issues for this documents can be found at https://github.com/thomas-fossati/draft-ftbs-rats-msg-wrap/issues. // RFC Editor: please remove before publication. Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank Brian Campbell, Carl Wallace, Carsten Bormann, Ionuț Mihalcea, Michael B. Jones, Mohit Sethi, Russ Housley, and Tom Jones for their reviews and suggestions. Birkholz, et al. Expires 20 May 2025 [Page 31] Internet-Draft RATS CMW November 2024 The definition of a CMW collection has been modelled on a proposal originally made by Simon Frost for an EAT-based Evidence collection type. The CMW collection intentionally attains binary compatibility with Simon's design and aims at superseding it by also generalizing on the allowed Evidence formats. Contributors Laurence Lundblade Security Theory LLC Email: lgl@securitytheory.com Laurence made significant contributions to enhancing the security requirements and considerations for CMW collections. Authors' Addresses Henk Birkholz Fraunhofer SIT Email: henk.birkholz@ietf.contact Ned Smith Intel Email: ned.smith@intel.com Thomas Fossati Linaro Email: thomas.fossati@linaro.org Hannes Tschofenig University of Applied Sciences Bonn-Rhein-Sieg Email: Hannes.Tschofenig@gmx.net Dionna Glaze Google LLC Email: dionnaglaze@google.com Birkholz, et al. Expires 20 May 2025 [Page 32]